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NAME
     mkhybrid - create an  hybrid  ISO9660/JOLIET/HFS  filesystem
     with optional Rock Ridge attributes.

SYNOPSIS
     mkhybrid [ -abstract FILE ] [ -allow-lowercase ] [  - allow-
     multidot  ] [ -biblio FILE ] [ -b eltorito_boot_image ] [ -B
     sparc_boot_image_list ] [ -G generic_boot_image ] [ -gui ] [
      -C #,# ] [ -hard-disk-boot ] [ -no-emul-boot ] [ -no-boot ]
     [ -boot-load-seg ] [ -boot-load-size ] [ -boot-info-table  ]
     [  -c boot_catalog ] [ -check-oldnames ] [ -copyright FILE ]
     [ -A application_id ] [ -f ] [ -d ] [ -D ] [ -hide glob ] [
     -hide-list file ] [ -hidden glob ] [ -hidden-list file ] [ -
     hide-joliet glob ] [ -hide-joliet-list  file  ]  [   - hide-
     joliet-trans-tbl ] [ -hide-rr-moved ] [ -iso-level level ] [
     -J ] [ -jcharset charset ] [ -l ] [   - L  ]  [   - log-file
     log_file ] [ -max-iso9660-filenames ] [ -M path | device ] [
     -nobak ] [ -no-bak ] [ -no-split-symlink-components ]  [   -
     no-split-symlink-fields  ] [ -pad ] [ -path-list file ] [ -p
     preparer ] [ -print-size ] [ -P publisher ] [ -quiet ] [ - r
     ] [ -R ] [ -relaxed-filenames ] [ -sort sort file ] [ -sysid
     ID ] [ -T | -table-name TABLE_NAME ] [ -ucs-level level ] [
     - use-fileversion ] [ -U ] [ -no-iso-translate ] [ -v ] [ -V
     volid ] [ -volset ID ] [ -volset-size # ] [ -volset-seqno  #
     ]  [ -x path ] [ -exclude-list file ] [ -z ] [ -m glob ] [ -
     hfs | -apple ] [ -map mapping_file ] [ -magic magic_file ] [
      - probe  ]  [  -no-desktop ] [ -mac-name ] [ -boot-hfs-file
     driver_file [ -part ] [ -auto AutoStart_file ] [  - cluster-
     size  size  ] [ -hide-hfs glob ] [ -hide-hfs-list file ] [ -
     hfs-volid hfs_volid ] [ -icon-position ] [ -root-info FILE [
      -prep-boot FILE ] [ -hfs-creator CREATOR ] [ -hfs-type TYPE
     ] [ --cap ] [ --netatalk ] [ --double ] [ --ethershare ] [ -
     -ushare  ] [ --exchange ] [ --sgi ] [ --xinet ] [ --macbin ]
     [ --single ] [ --dave ] [ --sfm  ]   - o  filename  pathspec
     [pathspec]

DESCRIPTION
     mkhybrid is effectively a pre-mastering program to  generate
     an  HFS/ISO9660/JOLIET  hybrid  filesystem.  It  is based on
     mkisofs(1) and  will  generate  a  pure  ISO9660  filesystem
     unless the HFS hybrid command line options are given.

     mkhybrid can generate a true (or shared) HFS hybrid filesys-
     tem. The same files are seen as HFS files when accessed from
     a Macintosh and as ISO9660 files when  accessed  from  other
     machines. HFS stands for Hierarchical File System and is the
     native file system used on Macintosh computers.

     As an alternative, mkhybrid can generate  the  Apple  Enten-
     sions  to  ISO9660  for  each file. These extensions provide
     each file with CREATOR, TYPE and certain Finder  Flags  when
     accessed  from  a  Macintosh. See the MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS



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     section below.

     mkhybrid takes a snapshot of a  given  directory  tree,  and
     generates a binary image which will correspond to an ISO9660
     or HFS filesystem when written to a block device.

     mkhybrid is also capable of generating the System Use  Shar-
     ing Protocol records specified by the Rock Ridge Interchange
     Protocol.  This is used to further describe the files in the
     iso9660  filesystem to a unix host, and provides information
     such as longer filenames, uid/gid,  posix  permissions,  and
     block and character devices.

     Each file written to the  iso9660  filesystem  must  have  a
     filename  in the 8.3 format (8 characters, period, 3 charac-
     ters, all upper case), even if Rock Ridge is in  use.   This
     filename is used on systems that are not able to make use of
     the  Rock  Ridge  extensions  (such  as  MS-DOS),  and  each
     filename  in each directory must be different from the other
     filenames in the same directory.  mkhybrid  generally  tries
     to  form correct names by forcing the unix filename to upper
     case and truncating as required, but often times this yields
     unsatisfactory  results when there are cases where the trun-
     cated names are not all unique.  mkhybrid assigns weightings
     to  each  filename,  and if two names that are otherwise the
     same are found the name with the lower priority  is  renamed
     to  have  a 3 digit number as an extension (where the number
     is guaranteed to be unique).  An example of  this  would  be
     the  files  foo.bar  and  foo.bar.~1~ - the file foo.bar.~1~
     would be written as FOO.000;1 and the file foo.bar would  be
     written as FOO.BAR;1

     When used with various HFS options, mkhybrid will attempt to
     recognise  files  stored in a number of Apple/Unix file for-
     mats and will copy the data and resource forks  as  well  as
     any relevant finder information. See the MACINTOSH FILE FOR-
     MATS section below for more about formats mkhybrid supports.

     Note that mkhybrid is not designed to communicate  with  the
     writer directly.  Most writers have proprietary command sets
     which vary from one manufacturer to another, and you need  a
     specialized  tool  to  actually  burn the disk.  The cdwrite
     utility is one such tool that runs under Linux and  performs
     this task.  The latest version of cdwrite is capable of com-
     municating with the Phillips/IMS/Kodak, HP and Yamaha drives
     that  have been manufactured before 1997.  Most writers come
     with some version of DOS software that allows a direct image
     copy of an iso9660 image to the writer.  The current version
     of         cdwrite         is         available         from
     ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/utils/disk-management/cdwrite-
     2.0.tar.gz Note that cdwrite has  not  been  actively  main-
     tained since 1995.



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     The cdrecord utility is another utility capable  of  burning
     an actual disc.  The latest version of cdrecord is available
     from  ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord  Cdrecord  is
     under constant development.

     Also you should know that most cd writers are very  particu-
     lar about timing.  Once you start to burn a disc, you cannot
     let their buffer empty before you are done, or you will  end
     up  with  a  corrupt  disc.  Thus it is critical that you be
     able to maintain an uninterrupted data stream to the  writer
     for the entire time that the disc is being written.

     pathspec is the path of the directory tree to be copied into
     the  iso9660  filesystem.   Multiple paths can be specified,
     and mkhybrid will merge the files found in all of the speci-
     fied path components to form the cdrom image.

     It is possible to graft the paths at points other  than  the
     root  directory, and it is possible to graft files or direc-
     tories onto the cdrom image with names different  than  what
     they  have  in  the  source  filesystem.  This is easiest to
     illustrate with a  couple  of  examples.    Let's  start  by
     assuming  that  a local file ../old.lis exists, and you wish
     to include it in the cdrom image.


          foo/bar/=../old.lis

     will  include  the  file  old.lis  in  the  cdrom  image  at
     /foo/bar/old.lis, while

          foo/bar/xxx=../old.lis

     will  include  the  file  old.lis  in  the  cdrom  image  at
     /foo/bar/xxx.   The  same  sort  of  syntax can be used with
     directories as well.  mkhybrid will create  any  directories
     required such that the graft points exist on the cdrom image
     - the directories do not need to appear in one of the paths.
     Any  directories  that are created on the fly like this will
     have permissions 0555 and appear to be owned by  the  person
     running  mkhybrid.   If you wish other permissions or owners
     of the intermediate directories, the easiest solution is  to
     create  real  directories  in  the  path  such that mkhybrid
     doesn't have to invent them.

     mkhybrid will also run on Win9X/NT4 machines  when  compiled
     with        Cygnus'       cygwin       (available       from
     http://sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/). Therefore most refer-
     ences in this man page to Unix can be replaced with Win32.






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OPTIONS
     -abstract FILE
          Specifies the abstract file name.  This  parameter  can
          also  be set in the file .mkisofsrc with ABST=filename.
          If specified in both places, the command  line  version
          is used.

     -A application_id
          Specifies a text string that will be written  into  the
          volume  header.   This  should describe the application
          that will be on the disc.  There is space on  the  disc
          for  128 characters of information.  This parameter can
          also be set in the file .mkisofsrc  with  APPI=id.   If
          specified  in  both places, the command line version is
          used.

     -allow-lowercase
          This options allows lower case characters to appear  in
          iso9660 filenames.
          This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it  happens  to
          work on some systems.  Use with caution.

     -allow-multidot
          This options allows more than  one  dot  to  appear  in
          iso9660  filenames.   A  leading dot is not affected by
          this option, it may be allowed separately using the - L
          option.
          This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it  happens  to
          work on many systems.  Use with caution.

     -biblio FILE
          Specifies the bibliographic file name.  This  parameter
          can   also   be   set   in  the  file  .mkisofsrc  with
          BIBLO=filename.  If specified in both places, the  com-
          mand line version is used.

     -b eltorito_boot_image
          Specifies the path and filename of the boot image to be
          used  when making an "El Torito" bootable CD. The path-
          name must be relative to the source path  specified  to
          mkhybrid.  This  option is required to make an "El Tor-
          ito" bootable CD.  The boot image must be  exactly  the
          size  of  either a 1.2, 1.44, or a 2.88 meg floppy, and
          mkhybrid will use this size when  creating  the  output
          iso9660  filesystem.  It  is assumed that the first 512
          byte sector should be read from the boot image  (it  is
          essentially  emulating  a  normal  floppy drive).  This
          will work, for example, if the boot  image  is  a  LILO
          based boot floppy.

     -B img_sun4,img_sun4c,img_sun4m,img_sun4d,img_sun4e
          Specifies a comma separated list of  boot  images  that



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          are  needed  to  make  a bootable CD for sparc systems.
          There may be empty fields in the comma separated  list.
          This  option  is required to make a bootable CD for Sun
          sparc systems.  If the -B or  - sparc-boot  option  has
          been specified, the first sector of the resulting image
          will contain a Sun disk label. This disk  label  speci-
          fies  slice  0  for  the  iso9660 image and slice 1 ...
          slice 7 for the boot images that  have  been  specified
          with  this option. Byte offset 512 ... 8191 within each
          of the additional boot images must  contain  a  primary
          boot that works for the appropriate sparc architecture.
          The rest of each of the images usually contains an  ufs
          filesystem that is used primary kernel boot stage.

          The implemented boot method is the  boot  method  found
          with  SunOS  4.x  and  SunOS 5.x.  However, it does not
          depend on SunOS internals but only on properties of the
          Open  Boot  prom.  For this reason, it should be usable
          for any OS that boots off a sparc system.

          If the special filename ... is used, the actual and all
          following  boot  partitions  are mapped to the previous
          partition. If mkhybrid is called with -G image - B  ...
          all  boot  partitions  are mapped to the partition that
          contains the iso9660 filesystem image and  the  generic
          boot  image  that is located in the first 16 sectors of
          the disk is used for all architectures.

     -G generic_boot_image
          Specifies the path and filename  of  the  generic  boot
          image  to  be  used  when making a generic bootable CD.
          The generic_boot_image will be placed on the  first  16
          sectors of the CD. The first 16 sectors are the sectors
          that are located  before  the  iso9660  primary  volume
          descriptor.  If this option is used together with the -
          sparc-boot option, the Sun disk label will overlay  the
          first 512 bytes of the generic boot image.

     -hard-disk-boot
          Specifies that the boot image used to create  "El  Tor-
          ito"  bootable  CDs is a hard disk image. The hard disk
          image must begin with a master boot  record  that  con-
          tains a single partition.

     -no-emul-boot
          Specifies that the boot image used to create  "El  Tor-
          ito" bootable CDs is a 'no emulation' image. The system
          will load and execute this image without performing any
          disk emulation.

     -no-boot
          Specifies that the created "El  Torito"  CD  should  be



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          marked as not bootable. The system will provide an emu-
          lated drive for the image, but will boot off a standard
          boot device.

     -boot-load-seg segment_address
          Specifies the load segment address of  the  boot  image
          for no-emulation "El Torito" CDs.

     -boot-load-size load_sectors
          Specifies the number of "virtual" (512-byte) sectors to
          load  in no-emulation mode.  The default is to load the
          entire boot file.  Some BIOSes  may  have  problems  if
          this is not a multiple of 4.

     -boot-info-table
          Specifies that a 56-byte table with information of  the
          CD-ROM  layout  will  be  patched in at offset 8 in the
          boot file.  If this option is given, the boot  file  is
          modified in the source filesystem, so make sure to make
          a copy if this file cannot be easily regenerated!   See
          the   BOOT INFO TABLE section for a description of this
          table.

     -C last_sess_start,next_sess_start
          This option is needed when mkhybrid is used  to  create
          the image of a second session or a higher level session
          for a multi session disk.  The option -C takes  a  pair
          of  two  numbers separated by a comma. The first number
          is the sector number of the first sector  in  the  last
          session  of  the  disk that should be appended to.  The
          second number is the starting sector number of the  new
          session.  The expected pair of numbers may be retrieved
          by calling cdrecord -msinfo ... the -C option may  only
          be uses in conjunction with the -M option.

     -c boot_catalog
          Specifies the path and filename of the boot catalog  to
          be  used  when  making  an "El Torito" bootable CD. The
          pathname must be relative to the source path  specified
          to mkhybrid. This option is required to make a bootable
          CD.  This file will be inserted into  the  output  tree
          and  not  created  in the source filesystem, so be sure
          the specified filename does not conflict with an exist-
          ing  file,  as it will be excluded. Usually a name like
          "boot.catalog" is chosen.

     -check-oldnames
          Check all filenames imported from old session for  com-
          pliance with actual mkhybrid iso9660 file naming rules.
          It his option is not present, only names with a  length
          > 31 are checked as these files are a hard violation of
          the iso9660 standard.



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     -copyright FILE
          Specifies the Copyright file name.  This parameter  can
          also  be set in the file .mkisofsrc with COPY=filename.
          If specified in both places, the command  line  version
          is used.

     -d    Omit trailing period from files that  do  not  have  a
          period.
          This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it  happens  to
          work on many systems.  Use with caution.

     -D    Do not use deep directory relocation, and instead just
          pack them in the way we see them.
          This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it  happens  to
          work on many systems.  Use with caution.

     -f    Follow symbolic links when generating the  filesystem.
          When  this option is not in use, symbolic links will be
          entered using Rock Ridge if enabled, otherwise the file
          will be ignored.

     -gui  Switch the behaviour for a GUI. This  currently  makes
          the  output  more verbose but may have other effects in
          future.

     -hide glob
          Hide glob from being seen on the ISO9660 or Rock  Ridge
          directory.   glob  is  a  shell wild-card-style pattern
          that must match any part of the filename or path.  Mul-
          tiple  globs  may  be hidden.  If glob matches a direc-
          tory, then the contents of that directory will be  hid-
          den.  All the hidden files will still be written to the
          output CD image file.  Should be used with the  - hide-
          joliet option.

     -hide-list file
          A file containing a list  of  globs  to  be  hidden  as
          above.

     -hidden glob
          Add the hidden (existence) ISO9660 directory  attribute
          for  glob.  This attribute will prevent glob from being
          listed on DOS based systems if the /A flag is not  used
          for  the listing.  glob is a shell wild-card-style pat-
          tern that must match any part of the filename or  path.
          Multiple globs may be hidden.

     -hidden-list file
          A file containing a list of globs  to  get  the  hidden
          attribute as above.

     -hide-joliet glob



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          Hide glob from being  seen  on  the  Joliet  directory.
          glob is a shell wild-card-style pattern that must match
          any part of the filename or path.  Multiple  globs  may
          be  hidden.  If glob matches a directory, then the con-
          tents of that directory will be hidden.  All the hidden
          files  will  still  be  written  to the output CD image
          file.  Should be used with the -hide option.

     -hide-joliet-list file
          A file containing a list  of  globs  to  be  hidden  as
          above.

     -hide-joliet-trans-tbl
          Hide the TRANS.TBL files from the Joliet  tree.   These
          files  usually  don't make sense in the Joliet World as
          they list the real name and the ISO9660 name which  may
          both be different from the Joliet name.

     -hide-rr-moved
          Rename the directory RR_MOVED to .rr_moved in the  Rock
          Ridge  tree.   It  seems to be impossible to completely
          hide the RR_MOVED directory from the Rock  Ridge  tree.
          This  option  only  makes  the  visible  tree better to
          understand for people who don't know what  this  direc-
          tory is for.  If you need to have no RR_MOVED directory
          at all, you should use the -D option. Note that in case
          that  the   -D option has been specified, the resulting
          filesystem is not ISO9660 level-1  compliant  and  will
          not be readable on MS-DOS.

     -l    Allow  full  31  character  filenames.   Normally  the
          ISO9660 filename will be in an 8.3 format which is com-
          patible with MS-DOS, even though the  ISO9660  standard
          allows  filenames  of  up to 31 characters.  If you use
          this option, the disc may be difficult to use on a  MS-
          DOS  system, but this comes in handy on some other sys-
          tems (such as the Amiga).  Use with caution.

     -iso-level level
          Set the iso9660 conformance level.  Valid  numbers  are
          1..3.

          With level 1,  no  associated  files  are  allowed  and
          filenames are restricted to 8.3 characters.

          With level 2, no associated files are allowed.

          With level 3, no restrictions apply.

          With all iso9660 levels all filenames are restricted to
          upper case letters, numbers and the underscore (_). The
          maximum filename length is restricted to 31 characters,



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          the  directory nesting level is restricted to 8 and the
          maximum path length is limited to 255 characters.

     -J    Generate Joliet directory records in addition to regu-
          lar  iso9660 file names.  This is primarily useful when
          the discs are to be used on  Windows-NT  or  Windows-95
          machines.    The  Joliet  filenames  are  specified  in
          Unicode and each path component can be up to 64 Unicode
          characters long.

     -jcharset charset
          Local charset that should be used for translating local
          file  names  into Joliet Unicode directory records.  To
          get a list of valid  charset  names,  call  mkhybrid  -
          jcharset  help.  To  get  a  1:1  mapping,  you may use
          default as charset name. The default initial values are
          cp437  on  DOS based systems and iso8859-1 on all other
          systems.  If the -jcharset option is specified, the - J
          option is implied.

     -L    Allow ISO9660 filenames to begin with a period.   Usu-
          ally,  a  leading dot is replaced with an underscore in
          order to maintain MS-DOS compatibility.
          This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it  happens  to
          work on many systems.  Use with caution.

     -log-file log_file
          Redirect all error, warning and informational  messages
          to log_file instead of the standard error.

     -m glob
          Exclude glob from being written to CDROM.   glob  is  a
          shell  wild-card-style  pattern that must match part of
          the filename (not the path as with option -x).  Techni-
          cally glob is matched against the d->d_name part of the
          directory  entry.   Multiple  globs  may  be  excluded.
          Example:

          mkhybrid -o rom -m '*.o' -m core -m foobar

          would exclude all files ending in ".o",  called  "core"
          or "foobar" to be copied to CDROM. Note that if you had
          a directory called "foobar" it too (and of  course  all
          its descendants) would be excluded.

          NOTE: The -m and -x option description should  both  be
          updated,  they  are wrong.  Both now work identical and
          use filename globbing. A file is excluded if either the
          last component matches or the whole path matches.

     -exclude-list file
          A file containing a list of  globs  to  be  exclude  as



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          above.

     -max-iso9660-filenames
          Allow 37  chars  in  iso9660  filenames.   This  option
          forces  the  -N option as the extra name space is taken
          from the space reserved for ISO-9660 version numbers.
          This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it  happens  to
          work  on  many systems.  Although a conforming applica-
          tion needs to provide a buffer space  of  at  least  37
          characters,  disks created with this option may cause a
          buffer overflow in the reading  operating  system.  Use
          with extreme care.

     -M path
          or

     -M device
          Specifies path to existing iso9660 image to be  merged.
          The  alternate  form takes a SCSI device specifier that
          uses the same syntax as the dev= parameter of cdrecord.
          The  output  of  mkhybrid  will  be a new session which
          should get written to the end of the image specified in
          - M.   Typically this requires multi-session capability
          for the recorder and cdrom drive that you are  attempt-
          ing  to  write  this image to.  This option may only be
          used in conjunction with the -C option.

     -N    Omit version numbers from ISO9660 file names.
          This violates the ISO9660 standard, but no  one  really
          uses the version numbers anyway.  Use with caution.

     -nobak

     -no-bak
          Do not  include  backup  files  files  on  the  iso9660
          filesystem.   If the -no-bak option is specified, files
          that contain the characters '~' or '#' or end in '.bak'
          will  not be included (these are typically backup files
          for editors under unix).

     -no-rr
          Do not use the Rock Ridge attributes from previous ses-
          sions.   This  may  help  to avoid getting into trouble
          when mkhybrid finds illegal Rock Ridge signatures on an
          old session.

     -no-split-symlink-components
          Don't split the SL components, but  begin  a  new  Con-
          tinuation Area (CE) instead. This may waste some space,
          but the SunOS 4.1.4 cdrom driver has a bug  in  reading
          split SL components (link_size = component_size instead
          of link_size += component_size).



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     -no-split-symlink-fields
          Don't split the SL fields, but begin a new Continuation
          Area  (CE)  instead. This may waste some space, but the
          SunOS 4.1.4 and Solaris 2.5.1 cdrom driver have  a  bug
          in reading split SL fields (a `/' can be dropped).

     -o filename
          is the name of the file to which the iso9660 filesystem
          image  should  be  written.  This can be a disk file, a
          tape drive, or it can correspond directly to the device
          name  of  the  optical  disc writer.  If not specified,
          stdout is used.  Note that the output  can  also  be  a
          block special device for a regular disk drive, in which
          case the disk partition can be mounted and examined  to
          ensure that the premastering was done correctly.

     -pad  Pad the end of the ISO9660 by 16  sectors  (32kB).  If
          the  total  size  then is not a multiple of 16 sectors,
          the needed number of sectors is added.  If the option -
          B is used, then there is a second padding at the end of
          the boot partitions.

          The padding is neded as many  operating  systems  (e.g.
          Linux)  implement  read  ahead bugs in their filesystem
          I/O. These bugs result in read errors on  one  or  more
          files  that are located at the end of a track. They are
          usually present when the CD is written in Track at Once
          mode or when the disk is written as mixed mode CD where
          an audio track follows the data track.

     -path-list file
          A file containing a list of  pathspec  directories  and
          filenames  to  be added to the ISO9660 filesystem. This
          list of pathspecs are processed after any  that  appear
          on  the  command  line.  If the argument is -, then the
          list is read from the standard input. There must be  at
          least one pathspec given on the command line as well.

     -P publisher_id
          Specifies a text string that will be written  into  the
          volume  header.   This should describe the publisher of
          the CDROM, usually with a  mailing  address  and  phone
          number.   There is space on the disc for 128 characters
          of information.  This parameter can also be set in  the
          file  .mkisofsrc  with  PUBL=.   If  specified  in both
          places, the command line version is used.

     -p preparer_id
          Specifies a text string that will be written  into  the
          volume  header.   This  should describe the preparer of
          the CDROM, usually with a  mailing  address  and  phone
          number.   There is space on the disc for 128 characters



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          of information.  This parameter can also be set in  the
          file  .mkisofsrc  with  PREP=.   If  specified  in both
          places, the command line version is used.

     -print-size
          Print estimated filesystem size and exit.  This  option
          is  needed  for  Disk  At  Once mode and with some CD-R
          drives when piping directly into cdrecord. In this case
          it  is needed to know the size of the filesystem before
          the actual CD-creation is done.  The option -print-size
          allows  to get this size from a "dry-run" before the CD
          is actually written.

     -quiet
          This makes mkhybrid even  less  verbose.   No  progress
          output will be provided.

     -R    Generate SUSP and RR records using the Rock Ridge pro-
          tocol  to  further  describe  the  files on the iso9660
          filesystem.

     -r    This is like the -R option,  but  file  ownership  and
          modes  are  set to more useful values.  The uid and gid
          are set to zero, because they are usually  only  useful
          on  the  author's system, and not useful to the client.
          All the file read bits are set true, so that files  and
          directories  are  globally  readable on the client.  If
          any execute bit is set for a file, set all of the  exe-
          cute  bits, so that executables are globally executable
          on the client.  If any search bit is set for  a  direc-
          tory,  set  all of the search bits, so that directories
          are globally searchable on the client.  All write  bits
          are  cleared,  because the CD-Rom will be mounted read-
          only in any case.  If any of the special mode bits  are
          set, clear them, because file locks are not useful on a
          read-only file system, and set-id bits are  not  desir-
          able  for uid 0 or gid 0.  When used on Win32, the exe-
          cute bit is set on all files. This is a result  of  the
          lack  of file permissions on Win32 and the Cygwin POSIX
          emulation layer.

     -relaxed-filenames
          The option -relaxed-filenames allows ISO9660  filenames
          to include digits, uppercase characters and all other 7
          bit ASCII characters (resp. anything  except  lowercase
          characters).
          This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it  happens  to
          work on many systems.  Use with caution.

     -sort sort file
          Sort file locations on the media. Sorting is controlled
          by  a file that contains pairs of filenames and sorting



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          offset weighting.  If the weighting is higher, the file
          will  be  located closer to the beginning of the media,
          if the weighting is lower, the  file  will  be  located
          closer to the end of the media.

     -sysid ID
          Specifies the system ID.  This parameter  can  also  be
          set  in  the  file  .mkisofsrc with SYSI=system_id.  If
          specified in both places, the command line  version  is
          used.

     -T    Generate a file TRANS.TBL in  each  directory  on  the
          CDROM, which can be used on non-Rock Ridge capable sys-
          tems to help establish the correct file  names.   There
          is  also information present in the file that indicates
          the major and minor numbers  for  block  and  character
          devices, and each symlink has the name of the link file
          given.

     -table-name TABLE_NAME
          Alternative translation table file  name  (see  above).
          Implies  the   -T option.  If you are creating a multi-
          session image you must use the same name as in the pre-
          vious session.

     -ucs-level level
          Set Unicode conformance level in the  Joliet  SVD.  The
          default  level  is 3.  It may be set to 1..3 using this
          option.

     -use-fileversion
          The option -use-fileversion allows mkhybrid to use file
          version  numbers from the filesystem.  If the option is
          not specified, mkhybrid creates a version if 1 for  all
          files.   File  versions  are strings in the range ;1 to
          ;32767 This option is the default on VMS.

     -U    Allows "Untranslated" filenames, completely  violating
          the  iso9660 standards described above. Forces on the -
          d, -l, -L, -N and - no-iso-translate  flags,  and  also
          allows  more than one '.' character in the filename, as
          well as mixed case filenames.  This is useful on  HP-UX
          system,  where  the  built-in  CDFS filesystem does not
          recognize ANY extensions. Use with extreme caution.

     -no-iso-translate
          Do not translate the characters '#' and '~'  which  are
          invalid  for  iso9660  filenames.  These characters are
          though invalid often used by Microsoft systems.
          This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it  happens  to
          work on many systems.  Use with caution.




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     -V volid
          Specifies the volume ID (volume name or  label)  to  be
          written into the master block.  This parameter can also
          be set in the file .mkisofsrc with VOLI=id.  If  speci-
          fied  in both places, the command line version is used.
          Note that if you assign a volume ID, this is  the  name
          that  will  be  used  as  the  mount  point used by the
          Solaris volume management system and the name  that  is
          assigned to the disc on a Windows or Mac platform.

     -volset ID
          Specifies the volset ID.  This parameter  can  also  be
          set  in  the  file  .mkisofsrc with VOLS=volset_id.  If
          specified in both places, the command line  version  is
          used.

     -volset-size #
          Sets the volume set size to #.  The volume set size  is
          the  number of CD's that are in a CD set.  The -volset-
          size option may be used to create CD's that are part of
          e.g.  a Operation System installation set of CD's.  The
          option -volset-size must be specified before  - volset-
          seqno on each command line.

     -volset-seqno #
          Sets the volume set sequence number to #.   The  volume
          set  sequence number is the index number of the current
          CD in a CD set.  The option -volset-size must be speci-
          fied before -volset-seqno on each command line.

     -v    Verbose execution. If given twice on the command line,
          extra debug information will be printed.

     -x path
          Exclude path from being written to CDROM.  path must be
          the  complete  pathname that results from concatenating
          the pathname given as command  line  argument  and  the
          path relative to this directory.  Multiple paths may be
          excluded.  Example:

          mkhybrid -o cd -x /local/dir1 -x /local/dir2 /local

          NOTE: The -m and -x option description should  both  be
          updated,  they  are wrong.  Both now work identical and
          use filename globbing. A file is excluded if either the
          last component matches or the whole path matches.

      - z    Generate  special  SUSP  records  for  transparently
          compressed files.  This is only of use and interest for
          hosts that support transparent decompression.  This  is
          an experimental feature, and no hosts yet support this,
          but there are ALPHA patches for Linux that can make use



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          of this feature.

HFS OPTIONS
     -hfs  Create an ISO9660/HFS hybrid CD. This option should be
          used  in  conjunction  with the -map, -magic and/or the
          various double dash options given below.

     -apple
          Create an ISO9660 CD with Apple's  extensions.  Similar
          to the -hfs option, except that the Apple Extensions to
          ISO9660 are added instead of  creating  an  HFS  hybrid
          volume.

     -map mapping_file
          Use the mapping_file to set the CREATOR and TYPE infor-
          mation  for a file based on the filename's extension. A
          filename is mapped only if it is not one  of  the  know
          Apple/Unix  file  formats. See the CREATOR/TYPE section
          below.

     -magic magic_file
          The CREATOR and TYPE information  is  set  by  using  a
          file's  magic  number (usually the first few bytes of a
          file). The magic_file is only used if a file is not one
          of  the  known Apple/Unix file formats, or the filename
          extension has not been mapped using the  - map  option.
          See the CREATOR/TYPE section below for more details.

     -hfs-creator CREATOR
          Set the default CREATOR for all files. Must be  exactly
          4  characters.  See  the CREATOR/TYPE section below for
          more details.

     -hfs-type TYPE
          Set the default TYPE for all files. Must be  exactly  4
          characters. See the CREATOR/TYPE section below for more
          details.

     -probe
          Search  the  contents  of  files  for  all  the   known
          Apple/Unix  file  formats.  See the MACINTOSH FILE FOR-
          MATS section below for more about these formats.   How-
          ever, the only way to check for MacBinary and AppleSin-
          gle files is to open  and  read  them.  Therefore  this
          option  may  increase  processing time. It is better to
          use one or more double dash options given below if  the
          Apple/Unix formats in use are known.

     -no-desktop
          Do not create (empty) Desktop files.  New  HFS  Desktop
          files  will  be created when the CD is used on a Macin-
          tosh (and stored in the System  Folder).   By  default,



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          empty Desktop files are added to the HFS volume.

     -mac-name
          Use the HFS filename as  the  starting  point  for  the
          ISO9660,  Joliet  and  Rock  Ridge  file names. See the
          MACINTOSH FILE NAMES section below  for  more  informa-
          tion.

     -boot-hfs-file driver_file
          Installs the driver_file that may make the CD  bootable
          on  a Macintosh. See the HFS BOOT DRIVER section below.
          (Alpha).

     -part
          Generate an HFS partition table. By default, no  parti-
          tion table is generated, but some older Macintosh CDROM
          drivers need an HFS partition table on the CDROM to  be
          able to recognize a hybrid CDROM.

     -auto AutoStart_file
          Make the HFS CD use the QuickTime 2.0 Autostart feature
          to   launch  an  application  or  document.  The  given
          filename must be the name of a document or  application
          located  at  the top level of the CD. The filename must
          be less than 12 characters. (Alpha).

     -cluster-size size
          Set the size in bytes  of  the  cluster  or  allocation
          units  of  PC  Exchange  files.  Implies the --exchange
          option. See the MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS section below.

     -hide-hfs glob
          Hide glob from the HFS volume. The  file  or  directory
          will  still  exist  in the ISO9660 and/or Joliet direc-
          tory.  glob is a  shell  wild-card-style  pattern  that
          must  match any part of the filename Multiple globs may
          be excluded.  Example:

          mkhybrid -o rom -hfs -hide-hfs '*.o' -hide-hfs foobar

          would exclude  all  files  ending  in  ".o"  or  called
          "foobar"  from  the  HFS volume. Note that if you had a
          directory called "foobar" it too (and of course all its
          descendants) would be excluded.  The glob can also be a
          path name relative to the source directories  given  on
          the command line. Example:

          mkhybrid -o rom -hfs -hide-hfs src/html src

          would exclude just the file or directory called  "html"
          from  the  "src" directory. Any other file or directory
          called "html" in the tree will not be excluded.  Should



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          be used with the -hide and/or -hide-joliet options.

     -hide-hfs-list file
          A file containing a list  of  globs  to  be  hidden  as
          above.

     -hfs-volid hfs_volid
          Volume name for the HFS partition.  This  is  the  name
          that  is  assigned  to  the  disc  on  a  Macintosh and
          replaces the volid used with the -V option

     -icon-position
          Use the icon position information, if it  exists,  from
          the Apple/Unix file.  The icons will appear in the same
          position as they would on a Macintosh  desktop.  Folder
          location  and  size  on  screen,  its scroll positions,
          folder View (view as Icons, Small Icons, etc.) are also
          preserved.   This  option  may become set by default in
          the future.  (Alpha).

     -root-info file
          Set the location, size  on  screen,  scroll  positions,
          folder  View etc. for the root folder of an HFS volume.
          See README.rootinfo for more information.  (Alpha)

     -prep-boot FILE
          PReP  boot  image  file.  Up  to  4  are  allowed.  See
          README.prep_boot (Alpha)

     --cap
          Look for AUFS  CAP  Macintosh  files.  Search  for  CAP
          Apple/Unix  file  formats only. Searching for the other
          possible Apple/Unix file formats  is  disabled,  unless
          other double dash options are given.

     --netatalk
          Look for NETATALK Macintosh files

     --double
          Look for AppleDouble Macintosh files

     --ethershare
          Look for Helios EtherShare Macintosh files

     --ushare
          Look for IPT UShare Macintosh files

     --exchange
          Look for PC Exchange Macintosh files

     --sgi
          Look for SGI Macintosh files



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     --xinet
          Look for XINET Macintosh files

     --macbin
          Look for MacBinary Macintosh files

     --single
          Look for AppleSingle Macintosh files

     --dave
          Look for Thursby Software Systems DAVE Macintosh files

     --sfm
          Look for Microsoft's Services for Macintosh  files  (NT
          only) (Alpha)


CREATOR/TYPE
     A Macintosh file has two properties associated with it which
     define  which  application created the file, the CREATOR and
     what data the file contains, the TYPE.  Both are (exactly) 4
     letter  strings.  Usually  this  allows  a Macintosh user to
     double-click on a file and launch  the  correct  application
     etc.  The CREATOR and TYPE of a particular file can be found
     by using something like ResEdit (or similar) on a Macintosh.

     The CREATOR and TYPE information is stored in all the  vari-
     ous  Apple/Unix encoded files.  For other files it is possi-
     ble to base the CREATOR and TYPE on the filename's extension
     using  a  mapping  file  (the  -map option) and/or using the
     magic number (usually a signature in the first few bytes) of
     a file (the -magic option). If both these options are given,
     then their order on the command line is important. If the  -
     map  option  is given first, then a filename extension match
     is attempted before a magic number match. However, if the  -
     magic  option  is  given first, then a magic number match is
     attempted before a filename extension match.

     If a mapping or magic file is not used, or no match is found
     then  the default CREATOR and TYPE for all regular files can
     be set by using entries in the .mkisofsrc file or using the
     -hfs-creator and/or -hfs-type options, otherwise the default
     CREATOR and TYPE are 'unix' and 'TEXT'.

     The format of the mapping file is the same afpfile format as
     used by aufs.  This file has five columns for the extension,
     file translation, CREATOR, TYPE and Comment.  Lines starting
     with the '#' character are comment lines and are ignored. An
     example file would be like:

     # Example filename mapping file
     #



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     # EXTN   XLate   CREATOR   TYPE     Comment
     .tif     Raw     '8BIM'    'TIFF'   "Photoshop TIFF image"
     .hqx     Ascii   'BnHq'    'TEXT'   "BinHex file"
     .doc     Raw     'MSWD'    'WDBN'   "Word file"
     .mov     Raw     'TVOD'    'MooV'   "QuickTime Movie"
     *        Ascii   'ttxt'    'TEXT'   "Text file"

     Where:

          The first column EXTN defines the Unix filename  exten-
          sion to be mapped. The default mapping for any filename
          extension that doesn't match is defined  with  the  "*"
          character.

          The Xlate column defines the type of  text  translation
          between  the  Unix  and Macintosh file it is ignored by
          mkhybrid, but is kept to be  compatible  with  aufs(1).
          Although  mkhybrid  does  not  alter  the contents of a
          file, if a binary file has it's TYPE set as 'TEXT',  it
          may  be  read  incorrectly  on a Macintosh. Therefore a
          better choice for the default TYPE may be '????'

          The CREATOR and TYPE keywords must be 4 characters long
          and enclosed in single quotes.

          The comment field is enclosed in double quotes - it  is
          ignored  by mkhybrid, but is kept to be compatible with
          aufs.

     The format of the magic file  is  almost  identical  to  the
     magic(4)  file  used by the Linux file(1) command - the rou-
     tines for reading and decoding the magic file are  based  on
     the Linux file(1) command.

     This file has  four  tab  separated  columns  for  the  byte
     offset, type, test and message.  Lines starting with the '#'
     character are comment lines and are ignored. An example file
     would be like:

     # Example magic file
     #
     # off   type      test       message
     0       string    GIF8       8BIM GIFf  GIF image
     0       beshort   0xffd8     8BIM JPEG  image data
     0       string    SIT!       SIT! SIT!  StuffIt Archive
     0       string     37235     LZIV ZIVU  standard unix compress
     0       string     37213     GNUz ZIVU  gzip compressed data
     0       string    %!         ASPS TEXT  Postscript
     0       string     04%!      ASPS TEXT  PC Postscript with a ^D to start
     4       string    moov       txtt MooV  QuickTime movie file (moov)
     4       string    mdat       txtt MooV  QuickTime movie file (mdat)




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     The format of the file is  described  in  the  magic(4)  man
     page. The only difference here is that for each entry in the
     magic file, the message for the initial  offset  must  be  4
     characters  for the CREATOR followed by 4 characters for the
     TYPE - white space is optional between them. Any other char-
     acters on this line are ignored.  Continuation lines (start-
     ing with a '>') are  also  ignored  i.e.  only  the  initial
     offset lines are used.

     Using the -magic option may significantly increase  process-
     ing  time  as  each file has to opened and read to find it's
     magic number.

     In summary, for all files, the default CREATOR is 'unix' and
     the  default  TYPE is 'TEXT'.  These can be changed by using
     entries in the .mkisofsrc file or by using the - hfs-creator
     and/or -hfs-type options.

     If the a file is in one of the known Apple/Unix formats (and
     the format has been selected), then the CREATOR and TYPE are
     taken from the values stored in the Apple/Unix file.

     Other files can have their CREATOR and TYPE set  from  their
     file name extension (the -map option), or their magic number
     (the -magic option). If the default match  is  used  in  the
     mapping file, then these values override the default CREATOR
     and TYPE.

     A   full   CREATOR/TYPE   database   can   be    found    at
     http://www.angelfire.com/il/szekely/index.html


MACINTOSH FILE FORMATS
     Macintosh files have two parts called the Data and  Resource
     fork.  Either  may  be  empty. Unix (and many other OSs) can
     only cope with files having one part (or fork).  To  add  to
     this, Macintosh files have a number of attributes associated
     with them - probably the most important  are  the  TYPE  and
     CREATOR.  Again Unix has no concept of these types of attri-
     butes.

     e.g. a Macintosh file may be a JPEG image where the image is
     stored  in  the  Data fork and a desktop thumbnail stored in
     the Resource fork. It is usually the information in the data
     fork that is useful across platforms.

     Therefore to store a Macintosh file on a Unix filesystem,  a
     way has to be found to cope with the two forks and the extra
     attributes (which are  referred  to  as  the  finder  info).
     Unfortunately,  it  seems  that  every software package that
     stores Macintosh files on Unix has chosen a completely  dif-
     ferent storage method.



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     The Apple/Unix formats that  mkhybrid  (partially)  supports
     are:

     CAP AUFS format
          Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork in  subdirec-
          tory  .resource with same filename as data fork. Finder
          info in .finderinfo subdirectory with same filename.

     AppleDouble/Netatalk
          Data fork stored in a file. Resource fork stored  in  a
          file with same name prefixed with "%". Finder info also
          stored in same "%" file. Netatalk uses the same format,
          but the resource fork/finderinfo stored in subdirectory
          .AppleDouble with same name as data fork.

     AppleSingle
          Data structures similar to above, except both forks and
          finder info are stored in one file.

     Helios EtherShare
          Data fork stored in a file. Resource  fork  and  finder
          info  together in subdirectory .rsrc with same filename
          as data fork.

     IPT UShare
          Very similar to the EtherShare format, but  the  finder
          info is stored slightly differently.

     MacBinary
          Both forks and finder info stored in one file.

     Apple PC Exchange
          Used by Macintoshes to store Apple files on  DOS  (FAT)
          disks.   Data  fork  stored in a file. Resource fork in
          subdirectory  resource.frk  (or  RESOURCE.FRK).  Finder
          info  as one record in file finder.dat (or FINDER.DAT).
          Separate finder.dat for each data fork directory.

          Note: mkhybrid needs to know  the  native  FAT  cluster
          size  of the disk that the PC Exchange files are on (or
          have been copied from). This size is given  by  the   -
          cluster-size  option.   The  cluster or allocation size
          can be found by using the DOS utility CHKDSK.

          May not work with PC  Exchange  v2.2  or  higher  files
          (available  with  MacOS  8.1).  DOS media containing PC
          Exchange files should be mounted  as  type  msdos  (not
          vfat) when using Linux.

     SGI/XINET
          Used by SGI machines when they mount  HFS  disks.  Data
          fork  stored  in  a file. Resource fork in subdirectory



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          .HSResource with same name. Finder info as  one  record
          in  file  .HSancillary.  Separate .HSancillary for each
          data fork directory.

     Thursby Software Systems DAVE
          Allows Macintoshes to store Apple files on SMB servers.
          Data  fork stored in a file. Resource fork in subdirec-
          tory resource.frk. Uses the AppleDouble format to store
          resource fork.

     Services for Macintosh
          Format of files stored by NT Servers on  NTFS  filesys-
          tems.  Data fork is stored as "filename". Resource fork
          stored as a NTFS stream called "filename:AFP_Resource".
          The  finder  info  is  stored  as  a NTFS stream called
          "filename:Afp_AfpInfo".  These  streams  are   normally
          invisible to the user.

          Warning: mkhybrid only partially supports the SFM  for-
          mat.  If  an HFS file or folder stored on the NT server
          contains an illegal NT character in its name,  then  NT
          converts  these characters to Private Use Unicode char-
          acters. The characters are: " * / < > ?  | also a space
          or period if it is the last character of the file name,
          character codes 0x01 to 0x1f (control  characters)  and
          Apple' apple logo.

          Unfortunately, these private Unicode characters are not
          readable  by  the mkhybrid NT executable. Therefore any
          file or directory name containing these characters will
          be  ignored - including the contents of any such direc-
          tory.

     mkhybrid will attempt to set the  CREATOR,  TYPE,  date  and
     possibly  other flags from the finder info. Additionally, if
     it exists, the Macintosh filename is  set  from  the  finder
     info,  otherwise  the  Macintosh  name  is based on the Unix
     filename - see the MACINTOSH FILE NAMES section below.

     When using the -apple  option,  the  TYPE  and  CREATOR  are
     stored  in  the  optional  System  Use  or SUSP field in the
     ISO9660 Directory Record - in much the same way as the  Rock
     Ridge  attributes  are. In fact to make life easy, the Apple
     extensions are added at the beginning of the  existing  Rock
     Ridge  attributes  (i.e. to get the Apple extensions you get
     the Rock Ridge extensions as well).

     The Apple extensions require the resource fork to be  stored
     as  an ISO9660 associated file. This is just like any normal
     file stored in the ISO9660 filesystem except that the  asso-
     ciated  file  flag  is  set in the Directory Record (bit 2).
     This file has the same name as the data fork (the file  seen



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     by   non-Apple  machines).  Associated  files  are  normally
     ignored by other OSs

     When using the -hfs option, the TYPE and CREATOR plus  other
     finder  info,  are  stored  in a separate HFS directory, not
     visible on the ISO9660 volume. The HFS directory  references
     the same data and resource fork files described above.

     In most cases, it is better to use the -hfs  option  instead
     of  the   - apple  option, as the latter imposes the limited
     ISO9660 characters allowed in filenames. However, the  Apple
     extensions  do  give the advantage that the files are packed
     on the disk more efficiently and it may be possible  to  fit
     more  files  on  a CD - important when the total size of the
     source files is approaching 650MB.




MACINTOSH FILE NAMES
     Where possible, the HFS filename  that  is  stored  with  an
     Apple/Unix file is used for the HFS part of the CD. However,
     not all the Apple/Unix encodings store the HFS filename with
     the  finderinfo. In these cases, the Unix filename is used -
     with escaped special characters. Special characters  include
     '/' and characters with codes over 127.

     Aufs escapes these characters by using ":" followed  by  the
     character  code  as  two hex digits. Netatalk and EtherShare
     have a similar scheme, but uses "%" instead of a ":".

     If mkhybrid can't find an HFS filename,  then  it  uses  the
     Unix  name,  with  any  %xx or :xx characters (xx == two hex
     digits) converted to a single character code.  If  "xx"  are
     not  hex  digits  ([0-9a-fA-F]),  then they are left alone -
     although any remaining ":" is converted to "%" as  colon  is
     the HFS directory separator. Care must be taken, as an ordi-
     nary Unix file with %xx or :xx will also be converted. e.g.

     This:2fFile   converted to This/File

     This:File     converted to This%File

     This:t7File   converted to This%t7File

     Although HFS filenames appear to  support  upper  and  lower
     case  letters,  the filesystem is case insensitive. i.e. the
     filenames "aBc" and "AbC" are the same. If a file  is  found
     in  a  directory  with the same HFS name, then mkhybrid will
     attempt, where possible, to make a unique name by adding '_'
     characters to one of the filenames.




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     If an HFS filename exists for a file, then mkhybrid can  use
     this  name as the starting point for the ISO9660, Joliet and
     Rock Ridge filenames using the -mac-name option. Normal Unix
     files  without  an  HFS name will still use their Unix name.
     e.g.

     If  a  MacBinary  (or  PC  Exchange)  file  is   stored   as
     someimage.gif.bin on the Unix filesystem, but contains a HFS
     file called someimage.gif, then this is the name that  would
     appear  on the HFS part of the CD. However, as mkhybrid uses
     the Unix name as the starting point  for  the  other  names,
     then   the   ISO9660   name   generated   will  probably  be
     SOMEIMAG.BIN   and   the   Joliet/Rock   Ridge   would    be
     someimage.gif.bin.   Although the actual data (in this case)
     is a GIF image. This option will use the HFS filename as the
     starting  point  and  the  ISO9660  name  will  probably  be
     SOMEIMAG.GIF   and   the   Joliet/Rock   Ridge   would    be
     someimage.gif.

     Using the -mac-name option will not currently work with the
     - T  option  -  the  Unix name will be used in the TRANS.TBL
     file, not the Macintosh name.

     The existing mkhybrid code will filter out any illegal char-
     acters for the ISO9660 and Joliet filenames, but as mkhybrid
     expects to be dealing directly with Unix  names,  it  leaves
     the  Rock  Ridge  names  as  is.   But as '/' is a legal HFS
     filename character, the -mac-name option coverts  '/'  to  a
     '_' in a Rock Ridge filenames.

     If the Apple extensions are  used,  then  only  the  ISO9660
     filenames  will  appear  on  the  Macintosh. However, as the
     Macintosh ISO9660 drivers can use Level  2  filenames,  then
     you  can use the -l option without problems on a Macintosh -
     still take care over the names, for  example  this.file.name
     will  be converted to THIS.FILE i.e. only have one '.', also
     filename abcdefgh will be seen  as  ABCDEFGH  but  abcdefghi
     will  be  seen  as  ABCDEFGHI.  i.e. with a '.' at the end -
     don't   know   if   this   is   a   Macintosh   problem   or
     mkisofs/mkhybrid problem. All filenames will be in uppercase
     when viewed on a Macintosh. Of course,  DOS/Win3.X  machines
     will not be able to see Level 2 filenames...


CUSTOM VOLUME/FOLDER ICONS
     To give a HFS CD a custom icon,  make  sure  the  root  (top
     level)  folder  includes  a  standard  Macintosh volume icon
     file. To give a volume a custom icon on a Macintosh, an icon
     has  to  be  pasted over the volume's icon in the "Get Info"
     box of the volume. This creates  an  invisible  file  called
     'Icon\r'  ('\r'  is  the 'carriage return' character) in the
     root folder.



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     A custom folder icon is very similar  -  an  invisible  file
     called 'Icon\r' exits in the folder itself.

     Probably the easiest way to create a custom icon that  mkhy-
     brid can use, is to format a blank HFS floppy disk on a Mac,
     paste an icon to its "Get Info" box. If using Linux with the
     HFS module installed, mount the floppy using something like:

                mount -t hfs /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy

     The floppy will be mounted as a CAP file system by  default.
     Then run mkhybrid using something like:

                mkhybrid --cap -o output source_dir /mnt/floppy

     If you are not using Linux, then you can use the hfsutils to
     copy  the icon file from the floppy. However, care has to be
     taken, as the icon file contains a control character. e.g.

                hmount /dev/fd0
                hdir -a
                hcopy -m Icon^V^M icon_dir/icon

     Where '^V^M' is control-V followed by  control-M.  Then  run
     mkhybrid by using something like:

                mkhybrid --macbin -o output source_dir icon_dir

     The procedure for creating/using custom folder icons is very
     similar  -  paste  an  icon  to  folder's "Get Info" box and
     transfer the resulting 'Icon\r' file to the relevant  direc-
     tory in the mkhybrid source tree.

     You may want to hide the icon files  from  the  ISO9660  and
     Joliet trees.

     To give a custom icon to a Joliet CD,  follow  the  instruc-
     tions                        found                       at:
     http://www.fadden.com/cdrfaq/faq03.html#[3-21]


HFS BOOT DRIVER
     It may be possible to make  the  hybrid  CD  bootable  on  a
     Macintosh.

     A bootable HFS CD requires an Apple CD-ROM  (or  compatible)
     driver,  a  bootable HFS partition and the necessary System,
     Finder, etc. files.

     A driver can be obtained from any other  Macintosh  bootable
     CD-ROM using the apple_driver utility. This file can then be
     used with the -boot-hfs-file option.



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     The HFS partition (i.e. the hybrid disk in  our  case)  must
     contain  a suitable System Folder, again from another CD-ROM
     or disk.

     For a partition to be bootable, it must have it's boot block
     set.  The  boot block is in the first two blocks of a parti-
     tion. For a non-bootable partition the boot block is full of
     zeros.  Normally,  when a System file is copied to partition
     on a Macintosh disk, the boot block is filled with a  number
     of  required  settings - unfortunately I don't know the full
     spec for the boot block, so I'm guessing that the  following
     will work OK.

     Therefore, the utility apple_driver also extracts  the  boot
     block  from  the  first  HFS partition it finds on the given
     CD-ROM and this is used for the  HFS  partition  created  by
     mkhybrid.

     PLEASE NOTE
          By using a driver from an Apple CD  and  copying  Apple
          software  to  your  CD, you become liable to obey Apple
          Computer, Inc. Software License Agreements.

BOOT INFORMATION TABLE
     When the -boot-info-table option  is  given,  mkhybrid  will
     modify the boot file specified by the -b option by inserting
     a 56-byte "boot information table" at offset 8 in the  file.
     This  modification is done in the source filesystem, so make
     sure you use a copy if this file is  not  easily  recreated!
     This file contains pointers which may not be easily or reli-
     ably obtained at boot time.

     The format of this table is as follows; all integers are  in
     section 7.3.1 ("little endian") format.

       Offset    Name           Size      Meaning
        8        bi_pvd         4 bytes   LBA of primary volume descriptor
       12        bi_file        4 bytes   LBA of boot file
       16        bi_length      4 bytes   Boot file length in bytes
       20        bi_csum        4 bytes   32-bit checksum
       24        bi_reserved    40 bytes  Reserved

     The 32-bit checksum is the sum of all the  32-bit  words  in
     the  boot file starting at byte offset 64.  All linear block
     addresses (LBAs) are given  in  CD  sectors  (normally  2048
     bytes).

CONFIGURATION
     mkhybrid looks for the .mkisofsrc file, first in the current
     working  directory,  then  in the user's home directory, and
     then in the  directory  in  which  the  mkhybrid  binary  is
     stored.   This  file is assumed to contain a series of lines



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     of the form TAG=value, and in this way you can specify  cer-
     tain options.  The case of the tag is not significant.  Some
     fields in the volume header are not settable on the  command
     line,  but  can  be altered through this facility.  Comments
     may be placed in this file, using lines which start  with  a
     hash (#) character.

     APPI The application identifier should describe the applica-
          tion  that  will be on the disc.  There is space on the
          disc for 128 characters of information.  May  be  over-
          ridden using the -A command line option.

     COPY The copyright information, often the name of a file  on
          the  disc  containing  the  copyright notice.  There is
          space in the disc for  37  characters  of  information.
          May  be  overridden  using  the -copyright command line
          option.

     ABST The abstract information, often the name of a  file  on
          the disc containing an abstract.  There is space in the
          disc for 37 characters of information.  May be overrid-
          den using the -abstract command line option.

     BIBL The bibliographic information, often the name of a file
          on  the disc containing a bibliography.  There is space
          in the disc for 37 characters of information.   May  be
          overridden using the -bilio command line option.

     PREP This should describe the preparer of the CDROM, usually
          with  a  mailing  address  and  phone number.  There is
          space on the disc for 128  characters  of  information.
          May be overridden using the -p command line option.

     PUBL This should describe the publisher of the  CDROM,  usu-
          ally with a mailing address and phone number.  There is
          space on the disc for 128  characters  of  information.
          May be overridden using the -P command line option.

     SYSI The System Identifier.  There is space on the disc  for
          32  characters of information.  May be overridden using
          the -sysid command line option.

     VOLI The Volume Identifier.  There is space on the disc  for
          32  characters of information.  May be overridden using
          the -V command line option.

     VOLS The Volume Set Name.  There is space on  the  disc  for
          128 characters of information.  May be overridden using
          the -volset command line option.

     HFS_TYPE
          The default TYPE for Macintosh files. Must be exactly 4



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          characters.  May be overridden using the -hfs-type com-
          mand line option.

     HFS_CREATOR
          The  default  CREATOR  for  Macintosh  files.  Must  be
          exactly  4  characters.   May be overridden using the -
          hfs-creator command line option.

     mkhybrid  can  also  be  configured  at  compile  time  with
     defaults for many of these fields.  See the file defaults.h.

EXAMPLES
     To create a HFS hybrid CD with the  Joliet  and  Rock  Ridge
     extensions of the source directory cd_dir:

     % mkhybrid -o cd.iso -r -J -hfs cd_dir

     To create a HFS hybrid CD from the source  directory  cd_dir
     that contains Netatalk Apple/Unix files:

     % mkhybrid -o cd.iso --netatalk cd_dir

     To create a HFS hybrid CD from the source directory  cd_dir,
     giving  all  files  CREATOR  and  TYPES  based on just their
     filename extensions listed in the file "mapping".:

     % mkhybrid -o cd.iso -map mapping cd_dir

     To create a CD with the 'Apple Extensions to ISO9660',  from
     the  source directories cd_dir and another_dir. Files in all
     the known Apple/Unix format are decoded and any other  files
     are given CREATOR and TYPE based on their magic number given
     in the file "magic":

     % mkhybrid -o cd.iso -apple -magic magic -probe \
             cd_dir another_dir

     The following example puts different files on  the  CD  that
     all  have  the name README, but have different contents when
     seen as a ISO9660/RockRidge, Joliet or HFS CD.

     Current directory contains:

     % ls -F
     README.hfs     README.joliet  README.unix    cd_dir/

     The following command puts the  contents  of  the  directory
     "cd_dir"  on  the CD along with the three README files - but
     only one will be seen from each of the three filesystems:

     % mkhybrid -o cd.iso -hfs -J -r \
             -hide README.hfs -hide README.joliet \



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             -hide-joliet README.hfs -hide-joliet README.unix \
             -hide-hfs README.joliet -hide-hfs README.unix \
             README=README.hfs README=README.joliet \
             README=README.unix cd_dir

     i.e. the file README.hfs will be seen as README on  the  HFS
     CD  and the other two README files will be hidden. Similarly
     for the Joliet and ISO9660/RockRidge CD.

     There are probably all sorts  of  strange  results  possible
     with combinations of the hide options ...

AUTHOR
     mkisofs is not based on the standard mk*fs tools  for  unix,
     because  we  must  generate  a complete  copy of an existing
     filesystem on a disk in the  iso9660 filesystem.   The  name
     mkisofs  is  probably a bit of a misnomer, since it not only
     creates the filesystem, but it also populates it as well.

     Eric Youngdale <ericy@gnu.ai.mit.edu> or  <eric@andante.org>
     wrote  both  the  Linux isofs9660 filesystem and the mkisofs
     utility.  The copyright for the mkisofs utility is  held  by
     Yggdrasil Computing, Incorporated.

     mkhybrid is based on mkisofs and works in exactly  the  same
     way  as  mkisofs without the HFS options. The change in name
     is to signify that it does something extra. If  you  do  not
     need  the  HFS  options,  then  you  should  really be using
     mkisofs.

     HFS hybrid code Copyright  (C)  James  Pearson  1997,  1998,
     1999, 2000
     libhfs code Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 Robert Leslie
     libfile code Copyright (C) Ian F. Darwin 1986,  1987,  1989,
     1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995.

NOTES
     Mkhybrid may safely be installed  suid  root.  This  may  be
     needed  to  allow mkhybrid to read the previous session when
     creating a multi session image.

BUGS
     o     Any files that have hard links to  files  not  in  the
          tree  being  copied to the iso9660 filesystem will have
          an incorrect file reference count.

     o     Does not check for SUSP record(s) in "." entry of  the
          root  directory  to  verify the existence of Rock Ridge
          enhancements.

          This problem is present when reading old sessions while
          adding data in multi-session mode.



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      o     Does  not  properly  read  relocated  directories  in
          multi-session mode when adding data.

          Any relocated deep directory is lost if the new session
          does not include the deep directory.

          Repeat by: create first  session  with  deep  directory
          relocation  then add new session with a single dir that
          differs from the old deep path.

     o     Does not re-use RR_MOVED when doing multi-session from
          TRANS.TBL

     o     Does not  create  whole_name  entry  for  RR_MOVED  in
          multi-session mode.

     There may be some other ones.  Please, report  them  to  the
     author.


HFS PROBLEMS/LIMITATIONS
     I have had to make several assumptions on how I  expect  the
     modified  libhfs  routines  to  work,  however  there may be
     situations that either I haven't thought of, or come  across
     when  these  assumptions  fail.  Therefore I can't guarantee
     that mkhybrid will work as expected (although I haven't  had
     a  major  problem  yet). Most of the HFS features work fine,
     however, some are not fully  tested.  These  are  marked  as
     Alpha above.

     Although HFS filenames appear to  support  upper  and  lower
     case  letters,  the filesystem is case insensitive. i.e. the
     filenames "aBc" and "AbC" are the same. If a file  is  found
     in  a  directory  with the same HFS name, then mkhybrid will
     attempt, where possible, to make a unique name by adding '_'
     characters to one of the filenames.

     HFS file/directory names that share the first 31  characters
     have  _N' (N == decimal number) substituted for the last few
     characters to generate unique names.

     Care must be  taken  when  "grafting"  Apple/Unix  files  or
     directories  (see above for the method and syntax involved).
     It is not possible to use  a  new  name  for  an  Apple/Unix
     encoded  file/directory.  e.g.  If a Apple/Unix encoded file
     called "oldname" is to added to the CD, then you can not use
     the command line:

          mkhybrid -o output.raw -hfs newname=oldname cd_dir

     mkhybrid will be unable to decode  "oldname".  However,  you
     can graft Apple/Unix encoded files or directories as long as



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     you do not attempt to give them new names as above.

     When creating an HFS volume with the multisession options, -
     M  and -C, only files in the last session will be in the HFS
     volume. i.e. mkhybrid can not add existing files from previ-
     ous sessions to the HFS volume.

     Symbolic links (as with all other non-regular files) are not
     added to the HFS directory.

     Hybrid volumes may be larger than pure ISO9660 volumes  con-
     taining the same data.

     The resulting hybrid  volume  can  be  accessed  on  a  Unix
     machine  by using the hfsutils routines. However, no changes
     should be made to the contents of the volume as it's  not  a
     "real" HFS volume.

     Using the -mac-name option will not currently work with the
     - T  option  -  the  Unix name will be used in the TRANS.TBL
     file, not the Macintosh name.

     Although mkhybrid does not alter the contents of a file,  if
     a  binary  file  has it's TYPE set as 'TEXT', it may be read
     incorrectly on a Macintosh. Therefore a  better  choice  for
     the default TYPE may be '????'

     The -mac-boot-file option may not work at all...

     May not work with PC Exchange v2.2 or higher  files  (avail-
     able  with  MacOS  8.1).   DOS  media containing PC Exchange
     files should be mounted as type msdos (not vfat) when  using
     Linux.

     The SFM format is only partially supported -  see  MACINTOSH
     FILE FORMATS section above.

     It is not possible to use the the -sparc-boot or  - generic-
     boot options with the -boot-hfs-file or -prep-boot options.


SEE ALSO
     mkisofs(8), magic(5), apple_driver(8)

FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS
     Some sort of gui interface.

AVAILABILITY
     mkisofs is available as part of the  cdrecord  package  from
     ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/





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     mkhybrid is available from  ftp://ftp.ge.ucl.ac.uk/pub/mkhfs
     and hfsutils from ftp://ftp.mars.org/pub/hfs

MAILING LISTS
     If you want to actively take  part  on  the  development  of
     mkisofs, and/or mkhybrid, you may join the cdwriting mailing
     list by sending mail to:

               other-cdwrite-request@lists.debian.org

     and include the  word  subscribe  in  the  body.   The  mail
     address of the list is:

               cdwrite@lists.debian.org


MKHYBRID MAINTAINER
     James Pearson

     j.pearson@ge.ucl.ac.uk


MKISOFS MAINTAINER
     Joerg Schilling
     Seestr. 110
     D-13353 Berlin
     Germany

     Mail bugs and suggestions to:

     schilling@fokus.gmd.de     or     js@cs.tu-berlin.de      or
     joerg@schily.isdn.cs.tu-berlin.de























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